Diagrams for explaining gut and liver conditions to patients. Select a diagram to show it full size, or print it on its own.
52 diagrams
Anatomy and procedures
The digestive tractThe digestive tract from the oesophagus to the rectum, with the liver, gallbladder and pancreasGastroscopy and colonoscopyThe route of the camera in a gastroscopy and in a colonoscopy
Oesophagus and stomach
RefluxNormal lower oesophageal valve compared with refluxHiatus herniaNormal stomach position compared with a sliding hiatus herniaRaising the head of the bedRaising the head of the bed compared with using extra pillowsBarrett's oesophagusNormal oesophageal lining compared with Barrett's oesophagusEosinophilic oesophagitisNormal oesophagus compared with the rings and narrowing of eosinophilic oesophagitisHelicobacter pyloriHelicobacter pylori living in the mucus layer of the stomach liningStomach and duodenal ulcersUlcers in the stomach and duodenum, with a close up of an ulcer through the liningAtrophic gastritisNormal stomach glands compared with a thinned lining, and the effect on vitamin B12BelchingA normal belch from the stomach compared with a supragastric belchCyclical vomiting episodesThe four phases of a cyclical vomiting episode
Bowel
Coeliac diseaseNormal small bowel villi compared with the flattened lining in coeliac diseaseThe gut-brain connectionThe nerve pathway between the gut and the brainAbdomino-phrenic dyssynergiaNormal accommodation compared with abdomino-phrenic dyssynergiaBristol stool chartThe Bristol stool chart, types 1 to 7How to sit on the toiletSitting position on the toilet with a footstool, knees above hipsDyssynergic defaecationIn dyssynergic defaecation the pelvic floor muscle tightens instead of relaxing, so stool cannot passOverflow diarrhoeaOverflow diarrhoea: liquid stool leaking around a blockage of hard stool in the rectumDiverticular diseasePouches in the wall of the colon, and one that has become inflamedBowel polypsShapes of bowel polyp and how a polyp is removed with a snareHaemorrhoid gradesThe four grades of haemorrhoidHaemorrhoid bandingA band placed at the base of a haemorrhoid, above the pain sensing nervesAnal fissureThe cycle of hard stool, tear, pain, spasm and poor healing in anal fissureBile acid malabsorptionBile acids released into the bowel, normally reabsorbed in the ileumLactose intoleranceLactose broken down in the small bowel, or fermented in the colonMicroscopic colitisThe bowel looks normal at colonoscopy, and the inflammation is only seen under the microscopeCarnett's testCarnett's test: pain from the abdominal wall gets worse when the muscles are tensed
Inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitisCrohn's disease compared with ulcerative colitisThe three patterns of Crohn's diseaseThe three patterns of Crohn's disease: inflammatory, stricturing and penetratingHow far ulcerative colitis extendsHow far ulcerative colitis extends: proctitis, left sided and extensiveLong term IBD monitoringWhat is checked, and how often, in long term inflammatory bowel disease careIBD medicines in pregnancyMedication through pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease
Liver
How liver damage progressesStages from a healthy liver through fat and scarring to cirrhosisCirrhosis and blood flowScarring in cirrhosis raises the pressure in the portal vein, causing varices, ascites and an enlarged spleenHow a FibroScan worksA FibroScan probe placed between the ribs, sending a pulse through the liverPhases of hepatitis BHow the virus level and the liver enzyme level define the phase of hepatitis BTreating autoimmune hepatitisSteroids bring autoimmune hepatitis under control quickly, azathioprine keeps it therePBC and PSCPBC affects the small bile ducts inside the liver, PSC affects the larger ductsBenign liver lesionsThe common benign liver lesions found by chance on a scan
Pancreas and gallbladder
GallstonesThe gallbladder and bile ducts, and where gallstones cause troubleGallstone pancreatitisA gallstone blocking the shared opening of the bile duct and pancreatic duct, inflaming the pancreasPancreatic cysts (IPMN)Branch duct and main duct types of pancreatic cyst
Diet, techniques and medicines
Diaphragmatic breathingDiaphragmatic breathing, chest still and abdomen risingThe low FODMAP dietThe three phases of the low FODMAP dietTaking iron tabletsHow to take iron tablets so that more is absorbedTaking pancreatic enzymesTaking pancreatic enzyme capsules across a meal rather than before or after itInjection sitesWhere to inject under the skin, and rotating the siteMethotrexate once a weekMethotrexate is taken once a week, with folic acid on other daysReducing prednisoloneReducing prednisolone in steps compared with stopping it suddenlyStarting azathioprineThe stepped dosing schedule with a blood test after each two week periodStepping down a reflux medicineStepping a reflux medicine down in stages rather than stopping suddenly
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